You can use iptables or other firewall tools to disable all network access to Chrome, and then add the domain name or IP rules used by the extension to achieve this effect.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install iptables
sudo iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -j DROP
sudo iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -j DROP
sudo iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -d example.com -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -d IP -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s example.com -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s IP -j ACCEPT
If you want persistence
sudo iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4
Make sure the iptables rules are restored on reboot
sudo apt-get install iptables-persistent
sudo netfilter-persistent save
sudo netfilter-persistent reload
Verify the rules
sudo iptables -L -v
ufw
rule accordingly.